城市内河生态修复的技术对策及实证

本文初步探讨了城市内河生态修复的技术对策,并以2012年度慈溪市城区河道生态修复工程为实例,分析了生物膜技术、水生植物净化技术、微生物循环驯化技术、河道造流曝气技术等方法。研究结果表明:通过内河生态修复,慈溪市城市内河在水质指标、水体净化、景观生态等方面都有所改善,而且具有良好的社会和经济效益。     

西昆仑山黄土1 Ma 以来的粒度变化特征及其古气候意义

塔里木盆地南缘保存有中国西北地区厚度最大的黄土,是详细研究亚洲内陆极端干旱 区以及塔克拉玛干沙漠形成演化的理想材料。但是,目前对该地区黄土堆积粒度特征系统的研 究还相对较少,对粒度指标的古环境意义仍存有不同的认识。通过对207 m 黄土岩芯的粒度分 析发现,西昆仑山黄土的粒度组成比较均一,分选较好,主要以粗颗粒物质为主,细颗粒含量 极少,并具有典型的风成成因特征。此外,西昆仑山黄土粒度1 Ma 以来呈现出持续变粗的趋势。 通过与其他气候指标的对比,这种变粗的趋势可能主要反映了中更新世以来亚洲内陆逐步增强 的干旱化过程。     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Atmospheric Loadings,Concentrations and Visibility Associated with Sandstorms: Satellite and Meteorological Analysis

This Korea-China study monitored the phenomena of sandstorms and significant dustfall (SD) from 1997 to 2000. The analysis of our data included ground measurements of dust concentration, visibility, satellite imagery, aircraft and lidar observations. In addition, an estimation of atmospheric loadings and a studyon the relationship between dust concentrations and visibilitywere carried out. The movement and invasion of dust clouds toKorea were clearly identified with meteorological and satellitedata. The increasing concentrations of TSP and PM₁₀ concurredwell with the satellite information. From case studies, weestimated that atmospheric loadings of a dust cloud were over 1million ton and that the deposition over the Korean Peninsulawas in the range from 46 000 to 86 000 tons. For SD withvisibility of 3 km, we predict TSP 659 g m^-3 and PM₁₀ 493 g m^-3. We recommend the issuance of an SD Watch(advisory) and an SD Warning for the general public.     

内陆水环境污染监测的多时相遥感信息模型

介绍了遥感水质监测的基本原理,对遥感技术在水质监测领域的国内外发展现状进行了归纳分析,并论述了建立多时相、通用型内陆水环境污染遥感监测模型的可行性,最后以湘江长沙段为研究区域,创建了适用于DO、CODCr、CODMn、BOD和TN的水污染遥感因子和相应的多时相遥感信息模型。     

Use of structured expert judgment to forecast invasions by bighead and silver carp in Lake Erie

Identifying which nonindigenous species will become invasive and forecasting the damage they will cause is difficult and presents a significant problem for natural resource management. Often, the data or resources necessary for ecological risk assessment are incomplete or absent, leaving environmental decision makers ill equipped to effectively manage valuable natural resources. Structured expert judgment (SEJ) is a mathematical and performance‐based method of eliciting, weighting, and aggregating expert judgments. In contrast to other methods of eliciting and aggregating expert judgments (where, for example, equal weights may be assigned to experts), SEJ weights each expert on the basis of his or her statistical accuracy and informativeness through performance measurement on a set of calibration variables. We used SEJ to forecast impacts of nonindigenous Asian carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in Lake Erie, where it is believed not to be established. Experts quantified Asian carp biomass, production, and consumption and their impact on 4 fish species if Asian carp were to become established. According to experts, in Lake Erie Asian carp have the potential to achieve biomass levels that are similar to the sum of biomasses for several fishes that are harvested commercially or recreationally. However, the impact of Asian carp on the biomass of these fishes was estimated by experts to be small, relative to long term average biomasses, with little uncertainty. Impacts of Asian carp in tributaries and on recreational activities, water quality, or other species were not addressed. SEJ can be used to quantify key uncertainties of invasion biology and also provide a decision‐support tool when the necessary information for natural resource management and policy is not available. El Uso de Juicio Experto Estructurado para Predecir Invasiones de Carpas Asiáticas en el Lago Erie     

宜兴城市内河污染物时空分布及解析

选取宜兴主城区18个典型内河采样点,对NO-3-N、NO-2-N、p H、CODMn、NH+4-N、TN、TP、SS、BOD5、DO、挥发酚、汞、铅及石油类14个主要水质指标进行为期1年的监测,频率为每月1次。采用综合污染指数法、聚类分析及因子分析法,系统解析了宜兴主城区内河水体污染物的时空分布特性。研究结果表明,综合污染指数随季节变化特征较为明显,总体污染程度表现为第三季度第二季度第四季度第一季度;聚类分析结果显示,河道的污染程度从空间上可分为2类(组);对城区内河监测点全年的因子分析提取3个特征因子,分析结果表明,内河河道以氮、磷污染为主导因素。     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.     

西宁盆地总有机碳同位素记录的～39 Ma亚洲内陆急剧干旱事件

始新世亚洲内陆干旱环境演化(简称干旱化)的研究比较匮乏,驱动机制存在争议。位于青藏高原东北缘的西宁盆地含有连续的始新世地层沉积序列,是研究上述科学问题的理想材料。通过西宁盆地中央西宁东和水湾平行剖面(古地磁年代均为～ 43 Ma — ～ 35 Ma)详细的总有机碳同位素记录,对始新世的干旱生态环境变化进行了研究,结果显示:上述两个平行剖面总有机碳同位素平均值均在～39 Ma发生了急剧的～2.5‰变正(分别从-27.5‰和-28.4‰变正为-25.0‰和-26.0‰),结合盆地内耐旱植物麻黄属和白刺属孢粉的百分含量急剧升高,共同指示该时期的西宁盆地发生了急剧干旱化。副特提斯海退却导致的水汽输送的减少可能是驱动西宁盆地始新世干旱生态环境变化的主要原因,全球长期变冷可能起到了背景叠加作用。     

内陆城市热岛与湖风环流耦合特性研究

为探究湖泊等大型水体对内陆城市大气环境的影响,本文运用数值模拟的方法,引入KRB坐标变换,建立内陆城市热岛与湖风环流的模型,对比水箱实验验证数值模型的精确性,探究不同内陆城市湖泊面积和城-湖中心距大小对城市热岛影响,模拟结果表明：湖泊面积越大,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量越大,而当城-湖中心距增大的时候,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量则减小.在湖泊靠近城市时,湖风与城市气流协同作用产生较强的环流,对城市热岛羽流产生偏转作用;在湖泊远离城市时,湖风与城市上空气流发生对抗作用,并绕过城市热岛羽流顶部,与城市上空的分散流协同,在背风面产生增益效果.